The Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers

Carmack 2 The Great Depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression is known as a time of economic disaster, and for its impact on the social structure of families. As times got harder, the family way of life changed. Families that were well off did not suffer as much as those that were already struggling. When men lost their jobs they also lost the ability to support their families. Children were forced to leave home and find work without adequate schooling. The Great Depression affected people both physically and psychologically. It was an era of unemployment, family struggles, and the way they survived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression was an era of unemployment. One of the main causes of unemployment was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the twenties. The unequal distribution of wealth had gone on forever. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle class, between the United States and Europe, and even between industries and agriculture. The unequal distribution of wealth had created an unstable economy. Companies were losing money because of this unstable economy so there for they had to make some changes. The first thing that had to be done was to save money and they did this by cut the pay role. Employees of many years were fired or took massive pay cuts. The employers only kept a select few workers that they had to have. Carmack 3 If one did not make the employer’s expectation, they were fired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monte Cristo had a list, a little roll call. And one by one he took them each for a ride Saying One and Two and Three and so on Till the names were all crossed off And he had cleabsed the world of a giving number Of betrayers who had personally wronged him. He was judge, jury, and executioner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sandburg 445) Finding a replacement was not difficult since everyone; men, women, children, and even grandparents, were looking for work. I’m not asking for social equality, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ All I want is a job with a decent wage, To exist now and provide for old age. So kindhearted employers, my case is up to you, Give me something to do. (Proudberg 9-16) With few job openings and so many people looking fo... ...yday study the buffalo on the nickel, †¦. Study before the nickel, the dime is spent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sandburg 456) A lot of the people today have long forgotten the lessons that their parents had taught them. Today people really do not appreciate the value of a dollar, but they know all about â€Å"plastic,† or commonly known as credit cards. I think a small dose of depression would do people today some good but not too much, because I think we would have a lot more people killing themselves and others just because people have fewer moral values today. Carmack 8 Worked Cited Hawes, Joseph M. Children Between the Wars. Ed. Joseph M. Hawes., N. Ray Hiner. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997. Proudbeg, Jim. â€Å"Poor Nut Ambitious (too Proud To Beg).† 21 Apr. 2000. http://www.mudcat.org/!!-song99.cfm?stuff=fall99+9902682. Sandburg, Carl. The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970. Underwood, Mark. â€Å"Black Thursday.† The New York Times on the web. 1 May. 1996. 4 Apr. 2000 . The Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers Carmack 2 The Great Depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression is known as a time of economic disaster, and for its impact on the social structure of families. As times got harder, the family way of life changed. Families that were well off did not suffer as much as those that were already struggling. When men lost their jobs they also lost the ability to support their families. Children were forced to leave home and find work without adequate schooling. The Great Depression affected people both physically and psychologically. It was an era of unemployment, family struggles, and the way they survived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression was an era of unemployment. One of the main causes of unemployment was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the twenties. The unequal distribution of wealth had gone on forever. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle class, between the United States and Europe, and even between industries and agriculture. The unequal distribution of wealth had created an unstable economy. Companies were losing money because of this unstable economy so there for they had to make some changes. The first thing that had to be done was to save money and they did this by cut the pay role. Employees of many years were fired or took massive pay cuts. The employers only kept a select few workers that they had to have. Carmack 3 If one did not make the employer’s expectation, they were fired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monte Cristo had a list, a little roll call. And one by one he took them each for a ride Saying One and Two and Three and so on Till the names were all crossed off And he had cleabsed the world of a giving number Of betrayers who had personally wronged him. He was judge, jury, and executioner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sandburg 445) Finding a replacement was not difficult since everyone; men, women, children, and even grandparents, were looking for work. I’m not asking for social equality, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ All I want is a job with a decent wage, To exist now and provide for old age. So kindhearted employers, my case is up to you, Give me something to do. (Proudberg 9-16) With few job openings and so many people looking fo... ...yday study the buffalo on the nickel, †¦. Study before the nickel, the dime is spent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sandburg 456) A lot of the people today have long forgotten the lessons that their parents had taught them. Today people really do not appreciate the value of a dollar, but they know all about â€Å"plastic,† or commonly known as credit cards. I think a small dose of depression would do people today some good but not too much, because I think we would have a lot more people killing themselves and others just because people have fewer moral values today. Carmack 8 Worked Cited Hawes, Joseph M. Children Between the Wars. Ed. Joseph M. Hawes., N. Ray Hiner. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997. Proudbeg, Jim. â€Å"Poor Nut Ambitious (too Proud To Beg).† 21 Apr. 2000. http://www.mudcat.org/!!-song99.cfm?stuff=fall99+9902682. Sandburg, Carl. The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970. Underwood, Mark. â€Å"Black Thursday.† The New York Times on the web. 1 May. 1996. 4 Apr. 2000 .

Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene

Alzheimer’s disease, AD, is a distressing condition that involves the decline in cognition of the mind which results to psychotic disorder, and affective and behavioral disturbances (Bloom 9). It is a progressive central nervous system disorder and the main cause of dementia (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). Alois Alzheimer in 1907 reported the case of a 51-year old Frankfurt woman who died in dementia (Bloom 9). He described the neuropathological condition of the woman with neurofibrillary tangles or NFTs and amyloid plaques or NPs (Bloom10). NPs are extracellular beta-amyloid peptide or A?Spherical deposits closely related to dendrites, reactive astrocytes, dystrophic axons, and activated microglia (Felician and Sandson 19). Thus, for several decades, collaborative efforts of experts from different scientific and medicinal endeavors were devoted for the neurological and pathophysiological characterization of this disease (Bloom 9). As such, the roles of four specified genes, as well as the mechanism of oxidative stress, tau, inflammation, hormonal changes, and inflammation on the AD’s neurodegeneration have been the central theme of scientific studies conducted on this disease (Felician and Sandson 19).As experts continuously gained insights on the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, pharmacological strategies are concurrently devised for the development of appropriate drug treatment and interventions (Felician and Sandson 19). Molecular Mechanism Early and late onset ADs are types of familial AD which are genetically heterogeneous. Familial AD is accounted for 10% of AD cases from 30-60 year old patients and ascribed to three types of genes which included APP, presenilin-1 or PSEN1 and presenilin-2 or PSEN2 (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1).Nonetheless, the mutations in these genes also cause A? -level increase; A? is generated by proteolytic APP fragment that was also observed in the brains of AD patients (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). However, not all AD cases can be attributed to the three identified genes. Genes are then the most important determinant of AD development (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). On the other hand, there is a great chance for children with parents having history of familial AD to inherit the genetic traits and develop either early-onset or late-onset AD (Jayadev et.al. 375). As well, AD development threat in the offspring is directly related to age; the tendency of AD occurrence among children of parents with historical AD background increases as the children gain progress in their growth and development (Jayadev et. al. 375). The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, on cellular level, has been consistently observed. The pyramidal neurons are the type of cortical cells that are fundamentally deteriorated in AD pathogenesis resulting to the spread of NPs and NFTs in cortex areas (Felician and Sandson 20).Both NPs and NFTs are normally found in brain areas in the aging process but their concentrations and densities are pecu liar in the case of AD (Felician and Sandson 20). Originally, NPs are found at the amygdala and concentrated in parietal association and order temporal cortex parts (Felician and Sandson 20). In the maturity of AD, NPs can also be observed in hippocampus, in other structures of mesial temporolimbic brain, and even in cortical and meningeal blood vessels (Felician and Sandson 20).Luckily, the areas for sensorimotor and visual are remained unaffected. Meanwhile, in the early stage of AD, NFTs can be found hippocampus, amygdala, and in entorhinal cortex, the association cortex has abundance of NFTs (Felician and Sandson 20). However, NFTs are not exclusively for the cases of AD, these are also detected in the several cerebral troubles like in dementia pugilistica, postencephalitic parkinsonism, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (Felician and Sandson 20). The formation of NPs is attributed to the A ? peptide deposition; A ?peptide types that only differ in C-terminal are common in cerebrovascular and extracellular plaques (Felician and Sandson 19). A ? peptide, made up of 39-43 amino acids, is normally generated from APP or amyloid precursor protein. In addition, the series of hydrophobic C-terminal is crucial in its solubility and amyloid formation rate (Felician and Sandson 19). As such, A ? with 40 amino acids, A ? 40, as well as A? peptide with 42 and 43 amino acids or A? 42 and A ? 43 respectively (Felician and Sandson 19). However, in vitro, the variants of A?42 and A? 43 can easily form insoluble fibrils as compared with the A? 40 variant (Felician and Sandson 19). Furthermore, the incubation of these A? variants can immediately lead to coalescence implying the possible amyloid plaque deposition through these components. In line with this, diffuse plaques have nonfibrillary and A? soluble constituents denoting the senile plaques’ early stage (Felician and Sandson 19). Likewise, diffuse plaques have A? deposits in the absence of neuritic degener ation (Felician and Sandson 19).On the other hand, neurofibrillary tangles, comprised of abnormal bundles of intraneuronal filaments, are made up of tau microtubule-associated protein with high degree of phosphorylation (Felician and Sandson 19). The degree of phosphorylation is largely dependent on the enzymatic activities of kinases that are not yet fully understood (Felician and Sandson 19). Nevertheless, the intraneuronal abnormal filaments arrange themselves in either parallel or helical bundles in perikaryotic cytoplasm that make them in contact with the dentritic processes (Felician and Sandson 19).The amyloid precursor protein, a membrane glycoprotein, is consisted of 28 A? extracellular residues and 12 to 15 putative transmembrane residues (Felician and Sandson 20). It also occurs as 695, 751, and 770-amino acid isoform. While the 695-amino acid isoform occurs mainly in neurons, 770 and 751-amino acid forms are seen on both non-neural and neural cells along with protease in hibitor domains (Felician and Sandson 20). APPs are carried into the cell membrane by secretory vesicles and may undergo proteolytic bond breakage through the action of ?-secretase (Felician and Sandson 20). Consequently, this cleavage generates ? -APP, a soluble ectodomain and the precursor for A? peptide production through cleavage in A? domain. As the generation of soluble APP is, in vitro, ascribed with the activity of protein kinase C, uncleaved APP is inferred to take the proteolytic pathway (Felician and Sandson 20). On the other hand, APP intracerllular recycling and management are done through endocytotic or endosome-lysosome means. The endocytotic route causes proteolytic cleavages by means of ?– and ? -secratases leading to the synthesis of A? (Felician and Sandson 20). Moreover, A? production is enhanced by intracellular calcium concentration which denoted the significance of calcium-rich proteases in A? production (Felician and Sandson 20). In vivo, APP cleavage occurs at N-terminus at the A? -region through the action of ? -secretase and at the C-terminus by means of ? -secretase activity (Mohan 1). Also, APP can take a pathway facilitated by ? -secretase at the A? -peptide domain producing soluble ? -APP (Mohan 1).Ezymes can also possibly attack APP without A? -peptide generation (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). Since the putative ? -secretase, under the control of kinase C, regulates the generation of soluble APP, any agents that supports this metabolism may hinder the A? production (Felician and Sandson 21). As well, A? deposition may also be lessened by drugs which inhibit APP cleavage into ? – and ? -secratases (Felician and Sandson 21). Nonetheless, agents that can impede A? coalescence would decrease its neurotoxicity effects (Felician and Sandson 21).After the formation of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation dictates the death of neurons (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In relation to this, microglia and astrocytes ce lls of the brain are heavily affected by inflammatory process (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD patients, astrocytes are enlarged and produce prostaglandin which in turn sends signal to activate the inflammation mediated by arachidonic acid (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). On the other hand, microglia generates free radicals which cause neurons’ death (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1).Meanwhile, cell nutrients as well as its regulation components are transported through the microtubules in which structural properties are mainly dependent on tau protein (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD condition, the tau lessens its capability to bind with microtubules and binds with other tau protein resulting to knots of helical filaments called as neurofibrillary tangles (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). APP Duplication is Sufficient to Cause Early Onset Alzheimer’s Dementia with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Studies showed that A? encoding through APP gene expression leads to the development of Alzheimer-type demen tia (Sleegers et.al. 2977). APP genetic expression results to elevated levels of A? 42, a 42-amino acid product of the proteolytic process (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Aside from the cleavage of APP into alpha, beta, and gamma secretases, high APP genetic expression results to elevated levels of A? 42 and A? deposition (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Meanwhile, it has been long known that APP level triplication in Down’s syndrome patients results to the development of Alzheimer type dementia at early stage; the APP excessive expression leads to neurodegeneration and A? deposition (Sleegers et. al.2977). In relation to this, it was reported that families with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and early onset Alzheimer type dementia had APP genomic duplications which implied that APP over-expression, without full trisomy 21, has triggered the Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2977). In addition, Alzheimer-type dementia patients have elevated APP mRNA levels in their brains (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Further, the variation on the transcription of APP gene due to genetic factors was believed as the underpinning factor in the pathogenesis of the disease (Sleegers et.al. 2978). In fact, three APP mutations were observed on Alzheimer-type early-onset dementia patients. These mutations, as seen in vitro by means of trisomy 21, caused a two-fold elevation of in APP transcriptions (Sleegers et. al. 2978). With the aforementioned evidences on APP elevation through APP genomic mutations or duplications which resulted to the development of early onset AD, it could logically infer that A? has a crucial role in its aetiology (Sleegers et.al. 2978). Hence, for the evaluation of APP locus duplication on Alzheimer-type dementia cases, Sleegers et. al. conducted a study on Dutch population with early onset Alzheimer-type dementia patients. Material and Methods In the approval of the University of Antwerp medical ethical committee, the respondents of this research were recruited form an epidemiological study on early onset AD in several provinces of The Netherlands and in Rotterdam (Sleegers et. al. 2978).Patients with early-onset dementia diagnosis were enlisted based on the recommendation of medical experts and healthcare providers. As such, the assessment of the patients’ conditions was done in accordance with the standards of the Stroke-Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association, and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Medical records of the patients and their respective relative with similar trait inheritance were made available for an in-depth examination.Meanwhile, for the assessment of genetic inheritance, 111 patients with ages 33 to 65 years old of which had 75 respondents with familial background of either late or early-onset of dementia and 10 of which have autosomal dominant inheritance history for several generations of their respective clans were studied (Sleegers et . al. 2978). The genomic DNA or gDNA was derived from lymphocytes and alleles of APP were measured by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction, PCR (Sleegers et. al. 2978).Also, the PrimerExpress software was utilized for the design of ? 2-microglubulin or hB2M, exon 5, 11, and 18, ubiquitin C or hUBC, ATP5J, APP, and GABPA (Sleegers et. al. 2978). As the APP alleles were normalized for hB2M and hUBC, 20 nanograms of genomic DNA were combined with the PCR and 400 nanomoles of the respective primers (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Finally, the duplication of the samples was done by means of dosage quotients or DQs calculation through six normal individuals and dementia patients.Patients with trisonomy 21 were also included as controls (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH, was utilized to determine APP genomic duplication (Sleegers et. al. 2978). FISH was performed on both interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes while the Epstein-Barr virus-transformed pa tients’ lymphoblasts were taken from the metaphase period by means of 0. 1 microgram/milliliter colcemid treatment and incubated, at 37 °C for 25 minutes, in hypotonic solution of 1 molar sodium hydroxide, 30 millimolar glycerol, 0.8 millimolar magnesium chloride, 2 millimolar HEPES, and 1 millimolar calcium chloride (Sleegers et. al. 2978). This suspension then was used for 106 cells per milliliter as the chromosomes’ mechanical stretching was done through cyto-centrifugation. On the other hand, the Multiplex Amplicon Quantification, MAQ, was applied in the detection of APP locus duplication. MAQ was comprised of multiplex PCR amplification of the reference amplicons and targets which were tainted with fluorescent substance (Sleegers et. al. 2978).After MAQ, DNA fragment analysis, and comparison target amplicon DQ between control individuals and the patients were done (Sleegers et. al. 2979). Results and Discussion Real-time PCR APP measurements of 10 probands showe d heterozygous duplication (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Based on the Dutch population sample, APP duplication along with segregation pattern and neuropathology tantamount to autosomal dominant inheritance and AD with excessive CAA were identified with APP duplication in a family (Sleegers et. al. 2982).Specifically, the genomic APP locus duplication were observed in five of the 65 family cases with early onset AD autosomal dominance while APP duplication was detected in a single out of ten family cases early-onset AD autosomal dominance (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Even though these numbers are small, the data generated from this study illuminated the significance of genomic APP locus duplication assessment when simple mutations were excluded in AD known genes (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In the 65 patients with familial AD history, a single genomic duplication was identified (Sleegers et. al. 2982).In addition, the genomic duplications among the Dutch samples have 1. 8% overall frequency and 2 . 7% frequency in AD patients and family (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In contrast, duplication was failed to be detected on 36 patients with irregular early-onset AD which denoted that the duplication of de novo genomic APP is a weak cause of early-onset Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Moreover, the duplication observed among the Dutch family samples has only APP which proved that genomic APP duplication, regardless of adjacent genes, has the capacity for AD and CAA mixed phenotype (Sleegers et.al. 2982). As well, duplication size differences signified the non-specific recombination substrate from the genomic attributes of APP locus; APP rather is in increased recombination region as imparted by other factors such as low transcription repeats (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Nevertheless, the mutation that affects APP expression among 4. 5% of the Dutch participants that either genomic APP duplication or APP mutation promoter carrier, are the frequent cause of Alzheimer-type de mentia (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Polymorphism in the Promoter of the Human APP GeneThe cleavage of APP produces A? with associated neurotoxicity; hence, genetic studies postulated that abnormal A? deposition neuropathologic AD conditions (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). The abnormal deposition of A? in AD patients has been ascribed to APP gene missence mutations and the proteolytic APP cleavage producing A? 42 which in turn triggers the development of early-onset AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). The most solid proof for this notion is the case on trisomy 21 wherein the duplication of APP gene results to increased A?peptide level and aggregation of such in the amyloid plaques of the brain (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). While the presenilin enyzymes enhance fibrillogenic APP conversion, the APOE or alipolipoprotein-E elevates A? coalescence and deposition (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). Since A? production is associated with APP con centration and on other factors in both A? and APP syntheses, it was hypothesized that the expression of APP gene is a determinant of AD development (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793).Recently, a study reported the weak relation between AD inheritance and microsatellite sequence in the APP first intron and a tetranucleotide non-association with AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Hence, to further scrutinize this issue, Athan et. al. anchored their study on APP promoter variant screening in tri-ethnic populations which included white, Caribbean Hispanic, and African-American as they intended to determine APP promoter identities. MethodologyThe respondents in this study were Manhattan residents of Washington Heights with ages of more than 65 years (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Personal interview and medical background check, neuropsychological, physical and neurological examinations were done on the participants. In addition, individuals with quest ionable dementia, Parkinson disease, and other types of dementia were excluded in the study. Consequently, a total of 1,077 participants was successfully enlisted, whereas, 16% of them has family history of stroke (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).For genotyping, DNA from 1,013 respondents was taken as the panel of neuropsychologists and physicians established the criteria for the identification of AD patients along with the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). The oligonucleotide primers used for APP promoter PCR amplification came from GenBank (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). From genomic DNAs and by means of Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase, the fragments were amplified while the product sequence was determined through dye terminators (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).Meanwhile, 15 microliter of the PCR products was introduced into WAVE fragment DNA analyzer (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). The haplotyp es PCR products were individually cloned through pGL3 vector in between SacI and Bg III sites (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). On the other hand, U-87 MG glioma cells were cultured with the solution of Earle’s balanced salt and 2 millimolar L-glutamine with 10% fecal calf serum in EMEM medium (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).At 70% confluence, the cells were transferred by means of FuGene 6 reagent and pGL3 vectors were added to transfected DNA to maintain a constant concentration of about 1 microgram per plate of 35 squared millimeter (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). While the isotonic solution of phosphate-buffered sodium chloride was used to wash the U-87 cells, the 250 microliter Reporter Lysis Buffer was applied for cell lysis (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).After this, the centrifugation of the cell extract was done at 10,000 g for five minutes. From the supernatant, 20-microliter aliquot was taken and combined with 100 mic roliter Luciferase Assay Buffer for luciferase activity measurement (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Then, with 10-20 microliters of the lysate ? -galactosidase assays were performed. This ? -galactosidase measurement was utilized for the normalization of the luciferase data (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).Each allele was counted and by sample proportion calculation, the frequencies were computed (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). For the ethic group comparison of allele frequency, chi square analysis was applied while logistic regression was utilized for APP promoter and AD polymorphisms odd-ratio calculation (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). As well, for each ethnic group, logistic regression was employed as the data were classified with respect to the APOE allele’s occurrence or non-occurrence as education and age discrepancies were adjusted.Finally, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was analyzed through chi square analysis while the e thnic comparison of APP promoter and AD polymorphisms odd-ratio calculation as their education, age, and sex were adjusted (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Results and Discussion Two types of APP promoter polymorphisms were detected and identified, with respect to the starting site of the transcription, as G>C at +37 and G>C at -9 variants (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797).In connection to this, +37C allele was typically observed among 18% African-American respondents while European and Caribbean-Hispanic have 3% and 10% respectively (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Although +37C allele was commonly observed among AD patients, the adjustment of their socio-demographic attributes with respect to this allele produced non-significant observations (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Also, -9C allele was hardly detected for disease association.On the other hand, even though the adjustment with respect to socio-demographic traits was made, still a strong link was found between APOE allele and AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Moreover, the evaluation of both +37C and -9C allele variants in U-87 glioma cells through promoter-reporter assays has resulted to non-significant promoter activity (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). The early onset, less than 60 years old, of AD has been ascribed to APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 while the late stage, greater than 65 years old, AD development has not yet fully explained by the genetic model (Waring and Rosenberg 329).The development of AD in late age stage was associated with APOE and to other reported genetic variants and alleles, however, they still insufficient to plausibly explain the mechanism involved in the AD occurrence (Waring and Rosenberg 329). Summary Alzheimer ’s disease is a progressive degeneration of the capacity of the mind for cognition thus affecting the psychological and affective attributes of the inflicted individual.Based on genome-wide stu dy, children of parents with familial Alzheimer’s disease are more prone to inherit and develop this condition either as they take progress in their growth and development or at the senescence stage of their lives (Jayadev et. al. 375). The primary pointed culprit for this cognitive deterioration is the beta-amyloid peptide which is a part of amyloid precursor protein. APP passes through the fatty membrane of the cells and delineated in the different areas of the brain, even though, the normal function has not yet been fully known.As APP is attacked by enzymes, fragments are generated including A? -peptide with associated neurotoxicity. Sleegers et. al. in 2006 found the coincidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy with Alzheimer’s disease in a Dutch multigenerational family. This genomic duplication was attributed solely to APP gene expression that was also observed in 65 Dutch families with early-onset of AD cases. However, APP locus duplication was not observed in 36 AD patients that signified the case of de novo mutation. On the other hand, Athan et. al.in 2002 reported the two types of APP promoter polymorphism which involved +37C and –9C alleles. Moreover, they found a strong link between AD inheritance and the apolipoprotein-E role. In this connection, the genetic traits of every individual should be scientifically scrutinized for an accurate determination and identification of the substance involved in the development of the disease in parallel with its molecular mechanisms. Works Cited Athan, Eleni S. , Lee, Joseph H. , Arriaga, Alex, Mayeux, Richard P. , and Tyco, Benjamin. â€Å"Polymorphism in the Promoter of the Human APP Gene.† Archives of Neurology 59 (2002): 1793-1799. Bloom, Elin. Genetic Studies of Alzheimer’s Disease. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University, 2008. Felician, Olivier and Sandson, Thomas A. â€Å"The Neurobiology and Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease. â⠂¬  Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 11, 1 (1999): 19-31. Jayadev, Suman, Steinbart, Ellen J. , Chi, Yueh-Yun, Kukull, Walter A. , Schellenberg, Gerard D. and Bird, Thomas D. â€Å"Conjugal Alzheimer Disease. † Archives of Neurology 65, 3 (2008): 373-378.

Climate Change Is Affecting Oceans - 1225 Words

Climate change is affecting oceans tremendously. Threats faced by the ocean planet seem uncontrollable. In the face of overfishing, pollution, and climate change it may seem like a drop in the bucket. With the amount of light reaching onto the shore, plants should be reduced in order for the rising sea levels to fall. Oceans have also absorbed tons of carbon dioxide from the earth’s atmosphere causing ocean acidification. Coral bleaching is caused by high water temperatures leading to coral death, and can turn into a negative impact on the entire coral ecosystem. We intend to provide options a single person can take in order to help the cause and make a difference. Our mission is to conserve the Earth’s living heritage, our global†¦show more content†¦This is the biggest cause of climate change, and therefore ocean acidification† (para. 6). Less energy is being used if you eat lower on the food chain. When fertilizer is applied to to soil, it generates ni trous oxide, which contains 250 times of warming effect of carbon dioxide. Animal waste gets concentrated and releases nitrogen and methane causing it to pollute into our water and air. According to Revolution (n.d) in the article â€Å"Ocean Acidification Solutions,† â€Å"Finding healthy, protein-packed veggie sources of nutrition – like beans and lentils – saves water, land, energy, and reduces greenhouse gases† (para. 6). This is usually healthier, reduces our environmental footprint and can also limit animal suffering. Another way we can stop ocean acidification is to use less energy at home. People need to make sure their roof and around their windows are insulated. We can unplug power sources and turn off lights when they are not in use and we can also use shorter cycles on our dishwasher and washing machine. Instead of buying food from the grocery store, people should grow their own food and recycle. The last thing we can do to reduce acidificatio n in oceans is to reduce plastic addiction. When we go out to eat, do not use straws or bottled water. Use water canteens to drink, filter and reuse it. Due to the melting of glaciers, polar ice and thermal expansion of warmer water, global sea levels may rise. The amount of light reaching onto theShow MoreRelatedClimate Change And Its Effects861 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate, one undeniable fact is that climate change is occurring and affects every part of planet Earth. Some effects are actually positive, such as higher rates of photosynthesis in trees due to absorption of more abundant CO2 and warmer temperatures. However, most of the negative effects of climate change outweigh or counteract positive growth. Negative effects of climate change are affecting the land, water, plants, and animal life on planet Earth. Climate change has provided both gifts and cursesRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On Our Lives1356 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing bleached to rising sea levels and the affects it has on our plants and animals and climate change. These changes and numerous more will soon affect the way our world will function, such as farming society living, climate conditions. We must take action now to help our future generations, not live through the mistakes and carelessness we have done and still do. The evidence is clear humans are affecting the earth in a way that has never been done before. However, other are led to believe thatRead MoreClimate Change Negative Effects935 Words   |  4 Pages Climate change is happening and it is devastating.For example it’s affecting glaciers, the Southwest region, oceans,and agriculture. People know that climate change is happening because of studies shown in multiple places.For example studies show that temperatures in the southwest have increased by almost two degrees fahrenheit. This shows that climate change is devastating because increasing temperatures can cause damage to environment. Also glaciers are melting consistently because of climateRead MoreHuman Pollution802 Words   |  4 Pagesgetting into the oceans. Even if helping prevent trash from entering the ocean cost more money than allowing it to enter the water system, it will prevent ecosystems, environments and their climates from perishing. One reason why people should not throw trash in the ocean is that it harms ecosystems. Ecosystems in the world are already in trouble from humans, but when people throw trash in the ocean it affects the animals in the ocean, animals on land, while also also negatively affecting humans. â€Å"TheRead MoreDiscuss Issues Affecting Ocean Health And Possible Solutions..1648 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss issues affecting ocean health and possible solutions. When two thirds of the Earth s surface is covered by ocean it is little wonder it is known as the blue planet. When the vitality of the ocean as a precious resource for human livelihood is examined, the importance for ocean preservation becomes apparent. While issues affecting ocean health are routed in the actions of humans, which cause compounding harm to people as a result, it is also people that hold the solutions which can improveRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesOCEAN ACIDIFICATION Smog, contaminated water, melting of snow packs. These are some of impacts that Climate Change has had on the Earth over the past years. All of these are product of the increase in carbon dioxide emissions by humans and their polluting activities. Since the Industrial Revolution, these events have escalated and, they have been becoming more noticeable and prolonged across the globe. Some of these events are more palpable and pronounced in certain parts of the hemisphere. For exampleRead MoreThe Waters : Oceans Offer A Ray Of Hope1228 Words   |  5 PagesTroubled Waters: Oceans Offer a Ray of Hope The Depths of the Sea chronicles the cruises of the British ships Lightning and Porcupine in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The voyages explored deep-sea flora and fauna, fossils, and the nature of the sea floor and determined the composition and temperature of sea water at great depths. â€Å"The cruises of the Porcupine and Lightning sets the foundation for the modern deep-sea exploration. [1] Oceans, the iconic feature of our earthRead MorePollution And Warming Of The Ocean1649 Words   |  7 PagesPollution and Warming of the Ocean The ocean is a vast and mysterious part of our ocean. The ocean covers 71 % of our planet and contains over 50% of all life on earth .(â€Å"Oceanic Institute†). The oceans also holds the deepest part of our planet that we have yet to explore and discover. The ocean is such a vital part of our planet and we are destroying it with pollution and mistakes that we have made. Global warming is a huge issue that we have to deal with. The world is getting warmer. WhetherRead MoreClimate Change Is Caused By Humans1339 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Tatom Climate 1. Climate is the weather conditions that are happening in certain areas for a long period of time. The climate has an affect on everything that is living on this planet. Right now the Earth is experiencing climate change. Climate change is when the temperature and weather conditions of the Earth are changing. Climate change is something that has been naturally occurring on the Earth for millions of years, but right now we are experiencing the most rapid climate change the EarthRead MoreIncreasing Levels Of Carbon Dioxide1491 Words   |  6 Pagesreefs and other marine biota. The high levels of CO2 lead to a decline of ocean pH among other issues such as dramatic changes in oceanic make-up and chemistry. Statistics and data collected has shown that ocean acidification will not only increase but accelerate over the next century. The ocean takes in about 1/3 of anthropogenic carbon added to the atmosphere. Anthropogenic carbon refers to the excess CO2 added to the ocean and atmosphere from human fossil fuel combustion, agriculture, and deforestation

What were the causes and effects of Pearl Harbor - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1327 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/17 Category History Essay Type Cause and effect essay Level High school Tags: Pearl Harbor Essay Did you like this example? The attack on Pearl Harbor happened on December 7, 1941, when the president of the United States, President Roosevelt decided to move the U.S navy fleet to Hawaii from California as a move to threaten Japan. The reason why Japan was trying to expand over the Pacific ocean was since they lacked natural resources like oil, minerals and steel. The United States, noticing Japans aggression, decided to move further west towards the Pacific Ocean, cutting off all businesses between the US and Japan leaving their assets frozen in place. With Japan deciding how to address this problem, still isolated from the United States, they believed that a war was inevitable, so they decided to attack first. Even though Japan managed to take the lives of many Americans and destroy many ships and airplanes the attack was still deemed as a failure. The reason that it was considered a failed attack is because there was no benefit from the attack. Japan was not able to expand further through the Pacific ocean, and they did not get any more resources that they were desperate for and they still did not have any communication with the United States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What were the causes and effects of Pearl Harbor?" essay for you Create order There are deeper reasons as to why the attack happened and how all the technicalities worked. For many years before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan was invading many countries in order to try expand. The first issue with Japans neighbors came when Japan invaded China in 1895 and when they invaded Russia in 1904. The second war between China and Japan began in 1937 due to the incident at the Marco Polo Bridge where there was a battle between Chinas Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army. That is what ended up sparking the conflict and drawing a red flag for everyone else who was watching Japans actions. In 1933, Japan decided on withdrawing from the league of nations due to being condemned by other countries for wanting to expand their country. Since there was much war going on at this time in the world, Japan used the war going on in Europe with Hitler as a diversion plan to avoid the attention as they continued to expand and dominate the far east side. The United State s was a neutral power for most of the war, and they decided they were going to stay that way unless Japan decided to attack the Philippines. They were supplying their allies with supplies, needed to survive the war at first, until they felt the threat getting closer and more pointed towards them which is when they started to prepare for war. The negotiations between the United States and Japan started in 1941 in order to try and improve relations between the countries. After discussing alternate options, Japan decided to withdraw from most of China and Indochina after coming to peace terms with the Chinese. After multiple meeting and negotiations between the United States and Japan could not agree due to a few reasons. Japan was an ally of Germany and Fascist Italy at the time of these negotiations. They were also still trying to gain control of southeast Asia at the time. Japan was trying to do as much as possible to gain power as quick as they could before getting into any more tr ouble. Japans plan for attack consisted of breaking off the peace treaty and all the negotiations that they had with the United States thirty minutes before they decided to attack. People who were in office in Japan sent a long 14 page encrypted message to Washington which takes a while to deliver due to the fact that they must take apart the message and decode it since it was encrypted. This is a key example of the lack of communication between the two countries because they knew that the message would take too long to deliver and before they were evenableto review the message Japan already started their attack on The United States. This is when people who were in relations with the United States claimed that Japan was lying due to the fact that when the message was decrypted it was filled with a ton of lies. Later though after the war Japan admitted to not even making a Declaration of war until they already heard that the attack on The United States was successful. After the attack on Ame rica the Prime Minister of Japan realized that after about two years they would be running out of oil and they needed to find a new source so they tried to have discussions with America about oil but President Roosevelt replied that they must evade from China before even having any relations with them. Japan realized that they did not have much of a chance winning a war against The United States due to how unsuccessful they were when invading China. Even though they did not want to go to war with The United States they argued that not doing anything could affect them the same way losing a war would and it would disappoint everyone in their country. Japan decides to start creating a war plan to take action against the United States. They brought up the ideas in a conference November 3rd, 1941 and the plan was approved just a few days after on November 5th. If they were able to get legal documentation on their plan of attack they were aiming to attack around december which was about o ne more after they created their war plans. Following the weeks after they decided to attack they offered The United States one more chance to to give them aid but The United States rejected their offer and even countered it by demanding along with leaving from Indochina they would also have to leave China, followed by a request to agree to an open door policy in the far east. War against the United States was official as of December first where shortly after they all gathered again to discuss the surprise attack on the United States Pacific fleet which was located at the main base in Hawaii. In preparation for their attack Japan decided to start intelligence gathering which consisted of them putting spies in Hawaii and receiving help from some of their allies which lived in Hawaii to gather information the United States military. They were able to gain a lot of information about the harbor from a specific spy named Tadashi Morimura. He posed as a tourist in Hawaii and would frequen tly visit the harbor and gather information such as how many ships were docked, how many guards, soldiers, Hangars and barracks. He was also able to get a very detailed sketch of the Harbor and figured out the days when the most ships were docked at the harbor. He delivered the information back to Japan with yet again another encrypted message. Japan had a really in depth plan about what they were going to do about the United States Navy. They thought about how many ships, the distance Hawaii is from the mainland of the United States, and the perfect time to attack. Japans arsenal for attack was very strong at the time. It consisted of 359 airplanes, two fast battleships, two heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, nine destroyers, and three fleet submarines. After the attack on Pearl Harbor happened both countries knew that they would be going to war. The lack of communication between the two blew the whole situation out of proportion causing them to never be able to come to an agreement and they ended up having to go to war. Japan was in search for another source of supplies that they never ended up getting from the United States. The United States were just trying to protect their allies which led them to having to fight Japan. This is why communication is so important, if only they were able to find a solution by communicating then we would have never had gone to war with them and lost so many lives.

Moral Relativism And The Ethical Dilemma - 1615 Words

Introduction When I first looked at the instructions for this assignment the ethical dilemma I wanted to talk about came immediately to mind. It was a decision I made more than fifteen years ago but I still remember it and had never thought of it in terms of ethics before. When I started this unit and began looking at situations from that perspective I became more intrigued and wondered if any of the readings could help me understand why I came to the decision I did . I once made the decision to engage in a behaviour deviant to the norm of my society, deciding that the â€Å"correct† action to take was to steal from one of my teachers. When I started reading about moral relativism and realised that this might be a way to explain how a â€Å"wrong† choice can sometimes be a â€Å"right† one, or at least to the person acting on it. Moral Relativism â€Å"The view that moral judgements are true or false only relative to some particular standpoint†¦and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Westacott, date unknown) The foundations of the concept of moral relativism were first expressed in 5th Century Greece; prior to this the idea of morals could be easily summed up as the following by Westacott: â€Å"In the view of most people throughout history, moral questions have objectively correct answers†¦cowardice is a bad quality†¦heroes deserve respect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, a few intellectuals of the era began to contemplate the idea that this might not be as straightforward as previouslyShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Ethical Relativism Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to moral dilemmas between cultures, there is a grey area that can sometimes make it difficult to resolve issues surrounding the dilemma. What is morality? How is it possible to know what is morally correct when cultures differ so vastly? To answer these questions, and many more regarding the moral dilemmas in the world, there are theories that have been developed to resolve them. One example is known as Ethical Relativism. Ethical Relativism has been developed on the basis that thereRead MoreEssay on Universalism vs. Relativism645 Words   |  3 PagesKatie Potter PHIL 213 Ethical Universalism vs. Ethical Relativism Ethical universalism and ethical relativism are two types of meta-ethical views, meaning the two theories attempt to understand the reason behind ethical properties, attitudes, boundaries and judgements. Ethical universalism can be viewed as an ideal world, while ethical relativism explains a more realistic perspective on why different cultures can view the same actions differently. The two delve more into the essential meaningRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of A Drug Company s Regional Sales Manager1748 Words   |  7 Pageshard to make a decision, especially when an ethical dilemma is involved. Ethical dilemmas pose a challenge because there is good to be found with both choices. The problem arises when one’s personal ethics are challenged. This paper will discuss an ethical dilemma with which a drug company’s regional sales manager was faced. It will discuss: the case and explain the ethical dilemma; the four functions of management; ethical issues; ethical relativi sm; four values; case resolutions; and ChristianRead MoreEssay on Ethics: Where Do We Learn What Constitutes Right or Wrong?953 Words   |  4 Pagesschools of ethical thought, Utilitarianism, Deontological and Virtue Ethics, you will find that there are varied and different views of how we come by our value systems and how we determine right and wrong. However, in all three of these schools of thought there is one underlying commonality: ethical relativism deems that a person’s values and judgments are based upon their cultural and societal influences and their personal feelings. (DesJardins, 2011) Ethical Relativism Ethical relativism simplyRead MoreConcepts Of Ethical Absolutism And Relativism1644 Words   |  7 PagesConcepts of Ethical Absolutism and Relativism Ethical relativism and ethical absolutism are two differing theories on how we ought to or ought not to decide on right from wrong. We question and evaluate morality in the terms of right and wrong constantly throughout life. The moral values that we decide to indoctrinate into our everyday lives are strongly motivated by cultural constraints in the eyes of some, to include anthropologist Dr. Ruth Benedict. Ethical relativism is defined as moral values beingRead MoreEvaluating Ethical Decisions and Defining a Universal Standard of Good1476 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluating Ethical Decisions and Defining a Universal Standard of Good It is difficult to provide a concrete definition for the word â€Å"right.† Right can mean many different things in different situations. For example, the right answer to one plus one is two. Yet, â€Å"doing the right thing† isn’t a simple answer like the previous example. In determining the difference between right and wrong, the pursuit of making an ethical decision is born. There are many concepts of right and wrong. DespiteRead MoreCorrelation Between The Police Shooting And The Violent Crime Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesblacks are more likely to be shot by the police as opposed to the unarmed white counterparts (Kindy et al., 2016). In this paper, the shooting of the black man by the name Alton Sterling will be covered with the help of the ethical systems dilemmas to determine any potential dilemma components in the case. Summary of the Alton Sterling Shooting Alton Sterling was a black man of 37 years of age; he was shot dead by the police in June of this year (2016). At the time of his shooting, Alton Sterling wasRead MoreDefinition Of Moral Realism Of The Floral Industry And Owning An Interior Commercial And Residential Business968 Words   |  4 PagesMoral realism can be defined as what is real, exists and reflects the moral standard of the culture that is making a reference to what is real and what is moral. To understand the term, we must break it down to the varying parts and ask what is moral and what is real. Moral beliefs are not universal. They are not even universal in a culture. Customs and beliefs passed down through generations help form belief systems defining moral standards and realism. Asking the question about what is moral willRead MoreEffective Leadership Skills During An Ethical Dilemma1464 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Skills during an Ethical Dilemma The purpose of this paper is to introduce ethical frameworks that can help solve an ethical dilemma. I will give an example of ethical issues encountered in a jail setting and an ethical dilemma that I experienced as a result of these ethical issues. I will analyze the moral, ethical, and legal implications that I used in this ethical dilemma. Furthermore, I will explain my leadership role as a patient advocate during this particular moral issue. Lastly, I willRead MoreUtilitarianism And Utilitarianism887 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism and Kantianism are some of the popular moral philosophical theories that have been used to deliberate on ethical matters in the society. The business world, systems of government, healthcare system, and other facets of the society are dependent on the provisions of these theories. Utilitarianism and Kantianism were developed by Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant respectively. While these theories can be applied in a beneficial manner in a wide array of areas, it is clear that Kantianism

GEOLOGY 170 REPORT Essay Example For Students

GEOLOGY 170 REPORT: Essay MT. ST. HELENS: Mount St. Helens is located in southwestern Washington about 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helen is one of several volcanic peaks that dominate the Cascade Range in the Pacific Northwest. The principal part of the range extends from Mount Garibaldi in British Columbia, Canada, to Lassen Peak in northern California. It was considered one of most beautiful mountains in the Cascade Mountain Range. St. Helens was often compared to Mount Fuji in Japan because of the mountains similarity in appearance. All of that would change on May 18, 1980 when the young and quiet Mt. St. Helens decided to become an active volcano and cause the worst natural disaster in the history of the U.S. The eruption was triggered by a massive mudslide on the side of the mountain. All the material that slid away from the mountain caused a lateral blast that could be heard hundreds of miles away. The lateral blast only lasted a few minutes of a nine-hour eruption. After the mountain was forced open by the lateral blast the mountain erupted in full force. Mt. St. Helens ejected a cloud of ash 15 miles into the air. The ash being ejected into the atmosphere blanketed virtually the entire Northwest a blanket of ash. Towns as far away as Spokane Washington were covered in the choking ash. Day turned into night as the mountain erupted. Roads and highways at a stand still. Mt. St. Helens was creating its own weather systems. 150 square miles of forest and recreation area were destroyed in minutes. Hot pyroclastic clouds of ash burnt everything in sight. Trees knocked down because of the massive blast the mountain released. Mudflows wiped out entire river systems and lakes in the Mt. St. Helen area. The Columbia River, which borders the states of Oregon and Washington, was affected by mudflows. The giant river is about 70 river miles from St. Helens. The shipping canal was blocked because of the mudflows and needed to be dredged for passage. That May 18 day will be remembered forever because of the power that Mother Nature displayed. As soon as the mountain erupted the National Guard was called in to try and find survivors. As soon as it was possible and clear enough to fly into the blast zone choppers were sent to see the damage that has been done. The terrain, which at one time was green, was now gray and burnt. The smell of sulfur was in the air. A total of 60 people were dead or missing after the eruption. There was a large rescue effort that saved many lives but many lives were lost instantly. Scientist knew that the eruption was probably going to come because of earthquakes on and around St. Helens. But the large mudslide sped up the process dramatically. After all was said and done to Mt. St. Helens lost roughly one cubic mile of material from its summit. The mountain lost 1,300 feet of its crown during the eruption. The once cone shaped mountain now resembled a horseshoe. The eruption made all of the newspapers in the world. In that time Mt. St. Helens was the center of the worlds attention. Twenty years after the eruption of Mt. St. Helens the question that most people ask is whether or not this kind of catastrophe will happen again in the future. The study of volcanoes has come leaps and bounds since 1980. Trying to predict when and where an eruption may occur is much more affective now. Mt. St. Helens has roughly nine eruptions in the past 50,000 years. .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 , .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 .postImageUrl , .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 , .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32:hover , .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32:visited , .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32:active { border:0!important; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32:active , .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32 .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u583f1a54802b8dcf2dd00061e8a4cf32:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Discovery Of The New World And The Columbian Exchange Essay Thats not counting the activity in 1980. The most recent and best known of the pre-1980 eruptive periods began with a major explosive eruption in 1800 AD. For the next 57 years, intermittent relatively small explosive eruptions, lava flows, and the extrusion of lava dome followed this event. Assuming that Mount St. Helens behaves as it did in the 19th century, the present activity could continue intermittently for years, possibly decades. Such activity could include the outpouring of lava flows (not observed to date), as well as some dome growth and small explosive activity. The chance of another catastrophic landslide .

Motivating Employees free essay sample

Introduction There was a point in time when employees were not valued by their managers or the company. Employees were perceived as just a small factor in the equation to produce goods and services. Elton Mayo led a study from 1924 to 1932 that was referred to as Hawthorne Studies, and the research that was attained changed the way employees were viewed (Lindner, 1998). Since an employee’s attitude has a direct effect on their performance, employees went from being viewed as something of minimal importance to a top priority (Lindner, 1998). Motivation has a major influence on an employee’s attitude; therefore, also influences their performance. â€Å"Success largely depends on empowering employees as they take larger roles in shaping the firm’s culture† (Kauffman, 2010, p. 8). The performance of the employees can determine if the company survives or fails. It is essential to have motivation within the workplace because motivated employees are much more productive and efficient. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivating Employees or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Creating an environment where employees feel motivated will in turn increase the chances of survival for the company. Motivation Often times, motivation is mistaken as a way for managers to manipulate employees into better performance, but motivation is much more than manipulation. Longnecker (2011) states â€Å"Motivation is not simply a means to get people to organizational goals; rather, it is a means to get people to buy in and take ownership of the organization’s needs as well as their own† (p. 7). Employees that buy into the success of the business will feel a sense of ownership and will be inspired to take pride in their work. Strategies for Motivating Employees There are several ways a manager can influence an employee’s level of motivation: employee involvement, providing performance expectations, providing feedback, implementing professional development, employee recognition, and giving incentives. Employee Involvement Employee involvement has a major impact on the level of motivation within the workplace. When employees feel involved, they tend to be more supportive of their superiors’ decisions. For example, a company has a new team leader position opening and they plan on recruiting from within. If the manager asks the employees for their thoughts on what qualities and credentials the person selected for the position should possess and who they would prefer to hold the leadership position, then when the person is selected the staff will be more likely to support the decision (Bolster, 2007). The employees will feel as though they were part of the decision making process When managers involve the workers in moving the organization forward, it stimulates commitment from the employees. Employers who listen to their employees promote feelings of involvement. Employees will realize that their opinion and thoughts matter, which will make them feel valued. Giving employees the opportunity to be involved will send a message that, â€Å"we’re in this together† and this will also encourage employees to take ownership in the company’s needs. This will encourage employees to generate ideas that will benefit the company (Kauffman, 2010). Providing Performance Expectations Delegating specific jobs to specific individuals will help employees have a clear understanding of what is expected of them. Knowing the employees will help in the delegation process, because the tasks can then be assigned based the individual’s strengths and weaknesses. When an employee knows they are being held accountable for a designated assignment, they will feel responsible for the outcome and be motivated to do a good job and successfully accomplish the task. Providing Feedback Sadri and Seto (2011) propose that research shows that giving no feedback is always detrimental. Considering that the performance of the employees play a crucial role in the success of a business, it is imperative to provide them with feedback. Feedback is another form of motivation; feedback decreases a doubtful mindset. When an employee is constantly being given feedback, they know what areas they are doing great in and what areas need improvement. Feedback can be positive or negative. If negative feedback it given, it should be constructive. Coaching is also involved in feedback. Managers should offer suggestions on how the employee could improve their performance. Feedback should be delivered immediately, so the employee can implement it into their daily work. Feedback becomes less meaningful after the fact (Emmerich, 2001). Implementing Professional Development Professional Development plays a large role in the level of motivation amongst employees. When employees feel valued enough for the company to invest in them by providing them with an opportunity to engage in professional development, they are more likely to be dedicated to their job. Gaining knowledge that employees can apply to their job will build their self-confidence. Employees who are confident in what they are doing are more motivated to take on additional responsibilities and duties than an employee who lacks knowledge about their job. Professional Development is a great way to maximize an employee’s potential. When an employee develops new talents and skills and has expands their knowledge, they view themselves as a key element to the company (Longnecker, 2011). Employees who view themselves as an essential part of the company are motivated to do their best because they feel as though the company is depending on them; they know they have the ability to make a difference. It is also necessary to educate the workers on how their performance affects the organization as a whole; this will ensure the employee understands how significant their position is to the success of the company. Employee Recognition Often times, managers focus more on harping on what their employees are doing wrong, and they forget to recognize their employees for their accomplishments. Practicing employee recognition can create an optimistic atmosphere as well as boost the morale within the workplace. Recognizing employees for their performance will make it obvious that their work performance is a direct link to the company’s success, thus the workers will take ownership for the organization’s needs (Longnecker, 2011). Recognizing employees will also give the workers a goal to work towards, such as, striving to become employee of the month. In order to be recognized as employee of the month, the employee must be productive and proficient, go the extra mile, give effort in all they do, and be knowledgeable about their job; this requires a motivated individual. Another type of recognition is allowing coworkers to vote for who will be recognized for being congenial and working well with others. Using employee recognition can motivate people in a variety of ways. While employee of the month motivates employees to be efficient workers, allowing employees to be chosen by their coworkers will motivate them to be friendly and considerate. Unfortunately, many managers associate employee recognition as a cost to the company, which drives managers away from the idea of recognizing employees. Although, there are ways to recognize employees in a costly manner, for instance, having a pizza luncheon, there are also ways to do so at no cost. It’s important to be creative and recognize employees in ways that aren’t an expense to the company. A simple note or even a pat on the back is a way say thank you and show appreciation to a worker. Giving Incentives Different incentives motivate different people. Incentives may include money, promotions, flexible schedules, or education opportunities. Some people value monetary rewards and would be motivated by a bonus, while other people value time with their family and would be motivated by a flexible schedule. There are also individuals who are career oriented, so those people would be motivated by promotions and having the opportunity to advance to higher positions. Education opportunities are also a way to increase an employee’s motivation level. Education is expensive, but very valuable to both the employee and the company. Although incentives cost the company money, it pays off by having motivated employees who work hard and strive to make the company successful (Longenecker, 2011). Establishing Relationships It is essential to build a working relationship with each employee and develop trust. By doing so, each individual’s strengths and weaknesses can be determined. Not every person is motivated by the same thing, so it is important to know each individual. It’s important for a manager to identify what motivates each employee the most. Once the manager learns how each individual is motivated, he can decide which approach to take that would best suit that specific employee. Conclusion Motivated employees that buy into the success of a company are an essential factor to an organization, because it increases productivity and morale and can determine the success of a business. Unmotivated employees are detrimental to a company; therefore, managers must make motivating their workers a priority. Managers are able to significantly impact employees’ levels of motivation in multiple ways and inspire the workers to take ownership of the organization’s needs. Understanding which strategy best motivates each individual is the key to being successful at creating an inner drive within the employees to go above and beyond.